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INTRODUCTION
Air Bag, safety device consisting of a large fabric bag that fills with
air and provides protection for the head and upper body of an occupant
of a motor vehicle during a collision. In head-on collisions, drivers
and passengers are thrown forward inside the vehicles. When an air bag
is activated, or deployed, it inflates instantly and creates a firm
barrier that counters the forward motion of the driver or the front-seat
passenger. Air bags are designed to prevent the driver or front-seat
passenger from hitting the windshield or dashboard of the vehicle,
thereby eliminating injuries or reducing their severity. An air bag is
also known as a supplemental restraint system (SRS), or a supplemental
inflatable restraint (SIR). Air bags are designed to work in conjunction
with automobile seat belts. However, an air bag alone can provide some protection
for a vehicle occupant who is not wearing a car seat belt. See also
Automobile: Safety Features.
In 1999 about two-fifths of all vehicles in the United States
(approximately 79 million cars, sport utility vehicles, minivans,
full-size vans, and pickup trucks) were equipped with air bags. The
National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated
that by 1998 air bags had been deployed 2.6 million times in accidents
and had saved the lives of nearly 3,500 people in the United States.
II HOW AN AIR BAG WORKS
There are several types of air bags. A driver-side air bag is stored
inside the steering wheel. It inflates during a frontal collision to
prevent the driver from hitting the steering wheel or steering column. A
passenger-side air bag is stored inside the instrument panel or
dashboard. It inflates during a frontal collision to prevent the
front-seat passenger from hitting the windshield. The passenger-side air
bag is larger than the driver-side air bag and has a different shape.
Some vehicles also have side-impact air bags inside the doors, arm
rests, front seats, or rear seats. Side-impact air bags inflate during a
side collision. A recent design is a head-restraint system that deploys
an air bag from above the side window for added protection in side
collisions. Air bags are not designed to inflate or to protect
passengers in rear-end collisions or rollovers.
Air bags are made of a nylon or polyester fabric coated with neoprene (a
synthetic rubber). Depending on its type, an air bag is folded up inside
an assembly located under the steering-wheel cover, inside the
instrument panel or dashboard, or in the side panel. The deployment of
air bags is controlled by crash sensors and an electronic control
module. The crash sensors are designed to detect the sudden
deceleration, or slowing down, of a vehicle caused by a crash. When a
crash is detected, the electronic control module energizes the air bag
inflator. Within the air bag assembly is a metal container with pellets
of sodium azide, a chemical that when ignited produces nitrogen gas.
When signaled by the sensors, the control module heats a wire that
ignites the pellets. A large amount of nitrogen gas is quickly produced
and rushes into the bag, causing it to inflate. Deployment occurs
extremely fast (in 20 to 35 milliseconds) and with explosive force. The
air bag bursts outward at speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph) to block
the forward motion of the vehicle occupants.
After the air bag is deployed, the nitrogen gas inside the bag is vented
through small holes in the back of the bag, allowing the bag to collapse
within a few seconds. Talcum powder or cornstarch is typically packed
with the air bag to act as a lubricant so that the folded bag doesn't
stick together. A small amount of smoke is created when the nitrogen gas
is produced, and the smoke sometimes enters the passenger compartment
during deployment. The smoke and the talcum often leave a harmless white
coating on the interior of the vehicle.
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Air bags that have been deployed as a result of an accident must be
replaced when collision repairs are made. Air bag replacement costs
range from $400 to over $1,000. Some vehicles also require a new control
module and new crash sensors.
III HISTORY
Safety devices that work automatically in motor vehicles, such as air bags
and car seat belts that automatically wrap around a passenger, are known as
passive restraint systems. Passive restraint systems are required on all
new cars sold in the United States. The first air bags were installed on
the driver side only. In 1993 passenger-side air bags were introduced.
Beginning with 1998 model cars, both types of air bags have been
required in new cars sold in the United States. Starting with the 1999
models, all new light trucks and vans also must have dual air bags.Please click for wholesale automobile seat cover manufacturer in Turkey.
The first air bag was patented in 1953 by American engineer John W.
Hetrick. It used compressed air for inflation. The aerospace firm Martin
Marietta (now Lockheed Martin Corporation) conducted air bag experiments
in the early 1960s to develop a system for protecting pilots and
space-capsule passengers from injury, but the system was never produced.
In the early 1970s, Ford Motor Company and Eaton Corporation jointly
developed an automotive air bag system that also never made it into
production. A federal law requiring automobile makers to install passive
restraints prompted General Motors Corporation (GM) to introduce the
first air bags in 1973. However, these air bags were offered only in
1,000 Chevrolet Impalas. In 1974 GM offered air bags as a $225 option on
all its full-size cars, but only about 10,000 units were sold over the
next three years. Air bags were discontinued and not offered again as a
production option until Mercedes-Benz did so in 1984. Two years later,
Mercedes made air bags standard equipment on all U.S. models. wholesale automobile car seat cover.
When the federal government began making air bags mandatory in the
1990s, U.S. manufacturers were required to provide air bags that are
capable of protecting a full-sized adult weighing 70 kg (160lb) and not
wearing a car seat belt in a collision at 56 km/h (35 mph). The force with
which an air bag deploys has proven deadly to children or small adults
in some circumstances, however. Over 80 accidental deaths have been
attributed to air bag deployments in relatively minor, low-speed
accidents. For this reason, children aged 12 and under, as well as
rear-facing infant car seats, should not be allowed in the front seat of
a vehicle equipped with an air bag on the passenger side. Adults under
165 cm (65 in) in height who are driving should maintain a minimum
distance of 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) between themselves and the
steering wheel.
In 1998 second-generation, or depowered, air bags, which deploy with
less force, were introduced to minimize the risk of injury during
low-speed collisions. Federal law now also permits the installation of a
switch for deactivating front air bags when a child or small adult must
occupy the front seat.
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